Codification of Law in India

Codification of Law in India Douglas C. North in his book Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance discusses the significance of foundations, and how these organizations impact monetary execution. Foundations incorporate both casual rulesâ [1]â like code of behaviors, conventions and customs and formal standards like constitution, laws and property rightsâ [2]â . Individuals for the most part focus just to the conventional guidelines that exist in the general public and the casual standards dont get the consideration and significance that they ought to get. The British in India did likewise. In any case, North contends that these casual principles are likewise significant and they shape the eventual fate of the economy. Establishments as characterized by North are humanly concocted imperatives that structure financial, social and political interaction.â [3]â Section of British in India At the point when the British came to India in 1600s they saw a general public which was not administered by any conventional laws like the Bible (which was viewed as an awesome wellspring of intensity, law and rules for them) which represented the English; however a heterogeneous society where each individual followed their own custom and custom which were shifted. There was no consistency in the practices that were trailed by the individuals. The idea of formal law like being represented by a uniform arrangement of law or a constitution was an outsider idea to the Indians. Kautilya in Arthashastra perceives presence of four wellsprings of law which are dharma (sacred writings), vyavahara (shared understanding), charitra (nearby custom) and rajashasana (state decree). [4] Kautilya says that these were in climbing request and that the state request won over all the sacred writings and standard practices, when a contention would emerge. Essentially even Ashoka and Akbar created la ws which were to be trailed by the subjects yet they never commanded the individuals to adhere to these laws except if their traditions were such in order to prompt public disharmony. Hence, we see that the Indians had total opportunity to rehearse any standard, practice, custom and so on that they satisfied as long as agreement was kept up. At the point when the British remained here as merchants they didn't meddle into these neighborhood customs and rehearses and were least worried about it. At the point when they went to the sub-mainland the political force was frail as the intensity of the Mughal Empire in the middle was devastating, consequently making it simpler for the British to increase political control and make a solid a dependable balance in India. The English gained the focal control however their matchless quality would possibly be perceived by the individuals on the off chance that they would resolve questions, which urged the British to create legal framework in India. The law gave the British nothing not exactly an exhaustive belief system through which to rule.â [5]â The philosophy which was utilized by the British was as Edward Said discusses in his way breaking book Orientalism. [6] They caused the Indians to accept that they were savage, unrefined, in obscurity and in reverse and it was their (British) obligation to make the Indians cultivated, current, and dynamic and bring them edification. There was social authority which existed and the British accepted that they could improve the Indian circumstance. The picture of the savage and offbeat locals who required Christian salvation was intentionally built by the Evangelists.â [7]â Casual Institutions in early India and way reliance At first the British took a stab at regulating the practices, standards, culture and conventions that were predominant in the Indian culture, yet as there was absence of consistency as everybody followed various traditions and customs the British saw the organization as troublesome. James Mill and Thomas Babington Macaulay needed to classify the laws in India and needed to lead a trial and perceive how arranged laws functioned. They needed to make the laws dependent on the head of utilitarianism and needed a code which was symmetric in all partsâ [8]â and which would get consistency. Hence, started Indias move from a casual establishment where associations between parties depended on accepted practices and customs to formal foundations like arranged laws. The locals in India for a considerable length of time had been following their own nearby traditions and usages. [9] The Indians had been going on a way where they were not commanded to keep a specific law or text and were allowed to pick the standard or custom that they needed to follow. Since there were no limitations on them the Indians had total opportunity. The Indians had been on this way for quite a while and hence there was way dependency. [10] This implies that since the Indians had been crossing this way for quite a while taking an elective way would be troublesome and there would be a significant expense for changing the way. Another meaning of way reliance is what expresses that history matters and this influences the potential results in future. [11] The change in way in future becomes troublesome as a result of the expanding returns or constructive feedbackâ [12]â that is gotten on the grounds that it has been being followed for an extensive stretch of tim e by huge number of individuals. With the possibility of the British to get formal standards and to systematize laws there was a move in the foundation from casual to formal. Move in the criminal circle was not troublesome as criminal law was widespread and was to be applied all around on everybody. Warren Hastings concurred with this codification, yet questioned the codification of the individual laws of the Indians as he knew it was hazardous and needed to avoid it. [13] Since the British couldn't force their ideology [14] Hastings concluded that there would be Indian authorities like pandits and maulvis who might enable the English appointed authorities to take choice. Since, the English adjudicators were unconscious of the Indian law, this assistance by the authorities was fundamental for them to choose cases. Reasons prompting shift in foundation from casual to formal The court needed explicit answers for complex issues. The colonizers didn't pay any significance to the current decent variety and would pose inquiries of general principle and the pandits would answer keeping dharma in mind. [15] The answers which the British got were never pair with the inquiries posed, as the pandits and maulvis had never confronted such a circumstance and the appropriate responses contrasted from one pandit to the next; and these answers were then acknowledged as general standard of law and were forced upon the individuals. Distinctive pandits arrived at various resolutions in any event, when the conditions were same since they would allude to various writings or sacred texts as there was finished opportunity to pick the custom that individuals needed to. For instance if an Englishman would request that how transform into a Hindu, the technique or the system told by various pandits would be distinctive as there was nobody specific method of doing it. Accordin gly, there was no consistency. The pandits in India were not an association like the Pope of the congregation. The pandits didn't meddle in the political circle by any means; not at all like the congregation where the Pope would coronate the King and afterward just might he be able to run the show. There were fluctuated customs predominant and each pandit would decipher the content in an alternate manner as there was no single understanding like there was of the Bible. A very much prepared pandit would be in a situation to refer to various versus on specific themes or just those that made a specific point helpful to a particular situation or without a doubt he may communicate his own supposition on the matterâ [16]â but these contrasted significantly from one another. The traditions would change here and there and the British were puzzled at this unique presence of customs. Accordingly, there was no consistency and sureness in the choices given by the pandits and the maulvis. This prompted a question of them by the British and subsequently they chose to systematize the law. Another purpose behind codification of the laws were that they accepted that there was well known interest for such changes; and the mainstream request as indicated by them comprised of gathering of first class Hindus who were a piece of the British managerial structure itself.â [17]â Associations going about as change operators North in his book likewise discusses the presence of associations which are gathering of people headed together for reason to accomplish objectivesâ [18]â and are made to exploit the opportunitiesâ [19]â that the current foundation gives them and afterward either work inside the current establishments or change and modify the current organizations, contingent upon the goal to be accomplished; and henceforth the associations which are made out of the current decision set go about as significant specialists of institutional change.â [20]â At the point when the British understood that organization in India was troublesome due to the non-presence of a specific law they at long last made the striking stride of arranging the individual laws too. Hastings had needed to avoid individual laws as he understood that marriage in India was attached to religion and they had settled on remaining impartial towards the local strict issues and furthermore on the grounds that they felt that there impedance may prompt common violence. [21] But the help of the pandits and maulvis was presently taken a gander at with doubt and subsequently, Hastings chose 11 pandits to classify laws which would then be trailed by everybody. The pandits concocted Vivadarnavasetu which actually implies an extension on the expanse of questions was the first Sanskrit adaptation. Later on these were deciphered in English (with which likewise there were issues which will be managed ahead) under the name of A Code of Gentoo Laws. The significance was completely changed and words like code and law which were never a piece of the first content were currently legitimized. [22] Then again William Jones designated Jagannath Tarkapanchanan, the amazing researcher on all parts of the

Problem Solving Creative Thinking And Decision Making

Critical thinking Creative Thinking And Decision Making Critical thinking is an expertise. Administrators and pioneers invest a lot of their energy taking care of issues and deciding. The idea of the issues can be little, huge, perplexing or straightforward and its the job of the administrator to build up a way to deal with settling the issue. Being confronted with issues regularly brings about individuals getting awkward and apprehensive, attempting to discover an answer quickly without breaking down the issue and searching for somebody to fault. Issues happen each day and can't be gotten away. It ought to be seen as chances to improve frameworks and connections inside associations. The propensity to attempt to discover an answer promptly is one of the major missteps in critical thinking as the arrangement ought to be established toward the finish of the procedure as opposed to toward the start. Utilizing a methodology that worked beforehand can leave you taking care of a similar issue again and again. We are conceived issue solvers and fabricate our certainty when we take care of issues. Having a decent procedure and way to deal with issues can settle them rapidly and viably. 2. Critical thinking and Decision Making Framework Associations battle with naturally similar issues quite a long time after year. The absence of a complete and organized procedure is the purpose behind this disappointment. A sorted out methodology utilizing straightforward standards and a reasonable characterized approach can encourage lasting arrangements. The 7 stage critical thinking process is a compelling critical thinking process that comprises of a succession of segments that fit together. Inside each area, there are different instruments that can be utilized to work through the issue and discover what is truly going on. It is helpful to have such a structure to guarantee, that nothing is ignored. Figure : 7 Step Problem Solving Process 2.1 Define/Identify the Problem Now, individuals respond to what they think the issue is. Rather, we should look to see progressively regarding why we think there is an issue. It is basic to manage the genuine issue and not the side effects. With contribution from yourself as well as other people, a genuine of inquiries on the issue ought to be tended to. Utilize the 5 Ws and a H to gather insights on the issue: a) What would you be able to see that causes the issue b) Where does it happen c) When is it occurring d) Why is it occurring e) With whom is it occurring f) How is it occurring At this stage, a difficult articulation ought to be created and recorded. This will guarantee that you are handling the genuine issue and not a side issue or part of the issue. An issue plainly expressed is a difficult half understood. (Dorothea Brande). Composing the announcement will guarantee that everybody can rapidly comprehend what the issue is. The issue can be re-expressed as an objective target. This gives a concentration and course to the issue solvers that is quantifiable. The difficult explanation ought to likewise endeavor to have a deadline distinguished and perused so it tends to be practically handled. 2.2 Analyze the Problem In this phase of the critical thinking, basic contribution from individuals who have seen the issue and who are affected by the issue ought to be assembled and filtered. The issue needs to saw from an assortment of perspectives. A few inquiries ought to be posed to assemble the necessary data : What is the historical backdrop of the issue? To what extent has it existed? How genuine is the issue? What are the reasons for the issue? What are the impacts of the issue? What are the indications of the issue? What strategies does the group as of now have for managing the issue? What are the constraints of those strategies? What amount of opportunity does the group have in social occasion data and endeavoring to take care of the issue? What hindrances shield the group from accomplishing the objective? Could the issue be separated into sub issues for definition and investigation? Understanding where the issue is emerging from, its fit in the present turn of events and what the present situations are, is basic when working out if an answer will work or not. The issue definitions legitimacy can be checked here by venturing back and surveying the present circumstance and what should be changed. The reason for the issue ought to be recorded as far as what's going on, where, when, how, with whom and why. 2.3 Generate Possible Solutions At this stage, the group and yourself ought to produce various potential arrangements. No assessment of the arrangements ought to happen yet rather the exertion ought to be focused on producing however many arrangements as could reasonably be expected. Different procedures can be utilized to tackle issues. 2.3.1 Brainstorming This is a method intended to enable a gathering to produce a few innovative answers for an issue. It is focussed on creating inventive and imaginative arrangements. It is a basic methods for creating countless thoughts from a gathering of individuals in a short space of time. Steps: A gatherings individuals are given an issue and every one of its subtleties. Individuals are urged to concoct whatever number arrangements as could be allowed, setting aside all close to home decisions and assessments. Piggy-easing off another people thought is valuable. All thoughts are recorded so the entire gathering can see them. Thoughts are assessed at another meeting. 2.3.2 Reverse Brainstorming Switch conceptualizing utilizes a mix of the inversion strategy and conceptualizing. This strategy includes beginning with two converse inquiries: a) How might I be able to conceivably cause the issue as opposed to How would I take care of or forestall this issue? b) How might I be able to potentially accomplish the contrary impact instead of How would I accomplish these outcomes? Conceptualize the converse issue to produce switch arrangement thoughts. The thoughts ought to be permitted to stream. No thought ought to be dismissed. The thoughts from the opposite issue should now be turned around for the first issue. 2.4 Analyze the Solutions This stage is the place you examine the different factors about every one of the potential arrangements. The great, the terrible focuses and other important things to every arrangement is noted. There are a few different ways to assess the picked arrangements, and keeping in touch with them all down will assist the gathering with choosing the best answer for the issue. a) Making a T-Chart to Weigh the Pros and Cons of Each Idea The T-graph can be utilized where colleagues record the focal points and weaknesses for every arrangement. This strategy will represent the qualities and shortcomings of every arrangement. b) Develop and Assign Weights to Criteria All the rules individuals are pondering ought to be recorded and weighted. Thusly, all gathering individuals are clear with respect to what rules others are utilizing. c) Prioritize the Criteria The following stage is for the gathering to concur on how significant these rules are according to one another. For instance, is cost the most significant basis, or low opposition by others, and so on. The rules should then be appraised as far as significance. Dole out a number to every rule with the goal that all standards together complete 100. d) Rate Proposed Solutions Using Criteria Utilizing the four to six potential arrangements, score (on a size of 1 to 10) every arrangement against every standard. Rehash this for every rule. Increase this score to the weighting, at that point include the weighted scores for every arrangement. This activity will help think about options dispassionately. 2.5 Select the best Solution The different affecting variables for every conceivable arrangement is looked into and arrangements are kept or disposed of. The gathering ought to be worried about whether the arrangement picked takes care of the issue or just limits it. The arrangement must be functional according to the issue. During this progression, choices should be made. Weighting of the past advance can be utilized to choose the best arrangements. The T-graph can be looked into for points of interest and burdens. The realities and data assembled must be reliable with the proposed arrangement. Arrangements can be decided in favor of and afterward those can be shortlisted. Shortlisted things can be investigated and further refined and decided on. There is a likelihood that no arrangements may work. The issue may should be reexamined or age of arrangements may should be returned to. This perhaps the consequence of an issue definition that isn't very much characterized. 2.6 Develop an Action Plan An activity plan includes recording what is going to next since a potential arrangement is accessible.. This arrangement will understand that the arrangement occurs. The arrangement can comprise of successive errands distinguishing who is doing what, when and the course of events for culmination. The accompanying inquiries ought to be responded in due order regarding the activity plan : What is the general goal and perfect circumstance? What is required so as to arrive from here? What activities should be finished? Who will be liable for each activity? To what extent will each progression take and when would it be a good idea for it to be finished? What is the best arrangement of activities? What preparing is required to guarantee that every individual realizes how to execute each progression in the arrangement? What guidelines would we like to set? What assets are required and by what means will we get them? In what capacity will we measure results? In what capacity will we follow up each progression and who will do it? What checkpoints and achievements ought to be built up? What are the make/break indispensable advances and how might we guarantee they succeed? What could turn out badly and in what capacity will we get around it? Who will this arrangement influence and by what means will it influence them? In what manner can the arrangement be balanced without endangering its outcomes to guarantee the best reaction and effect? By what means will we impart the arrangement to guarantee support? What reactions to change and other human variables are envisioned and in what manner will they be survived? 2.7. Execute the Solution The arrangement can be executed as an undertaking utilizing the activity plan as the benchmark. Errands ought to be checked and provided details regarding. The Gantt outline could be utilized to screen this advancement. Customary gatherings ought to be held with applicable partners to impart progress on the arrangement and prompt if any slippages or blockers exist on the venture. Emergency courses of action can be contrived and I

7 Great Articles That Became Books

7 Great Articles That Became Books This is a guest post from Dan Toller. Dan runs The Electric Typewriter, a collection of the best articles and essays from around the internet. Follow him on Twitter @electric_type. _________________________ A horse that still can still inspire awe, centuries after its death (1). A wizard who uses numbers to battle the evils of superstition and defeat those held back by wilful blindness (2). A young who man heads off into the wilderness in search adventure, never to return (3). These are the stories that grab our imagination and won’t let go, the ones that are passed from one generation to the next, subtly shifting as they spread, becoming embellished and mutating with each retelling, until they become myths, leaping from mouth, to ear, to pen, to press, to the dazzling silver screen. And then there are the stories that hold the wisdom of centuries past, apocalyptic tales of empires destroyed by accidents of history (4), or parables that reveal the troubled heart of our relationship with the very soil that sustains us (5). Tales that show how the follies of generations past continue to haunt our present and will be repeated in the future; how we are destined to make the same mistakes as our parents before us, and the children who follow us (6). And then there are the stories we really can’t live without, the ones that remind us of our cruelty and our blindness to other people’s suffering (7). But surely those great stories belong to the distant past, a time of legends when great orators took the stage to speak of long-dead heroes, and we spent long winter nights telling tales of bygone days in hushed voices as we huddled round open fires? Or are those great narrators still among us, holding up a mirror to our world and captivating us with true stories more fabulous than any fiction? When The Electric Typewriter (8) isn’t busy putting together needlessly opaque reading lists, it spends its time collecting the best articles and essays from around the internet (9) for your reading pleasure. 1) Four Good Legs between Us by Laura Hillenbrand   2) The Trading Desk by Michael Lewis   3) Into the Wild by Jon Krakauer 4) Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond   5) 1491 by Charles C. Mann   6) How Not to Talk to Your Kids by Po Bronson   7) Nickel and Dimed by Barbara Ehrenreich   8) The Electric Typewriter 9) 150 Great Articles and Essays (with links to over 750 more!)   _________________________ Sign up for our newsletter to have the best of Book Riot delivered straight to your inbox every two weeks. No spam. We promise. To keep up with Book Riot on a daily basis, follow us on Twitter or like us on Facebook. So much bookish goodnessall day, every day.

Effects Of The Great Depression The Effects On Social...

The Great Depression: The Effects on Social Classes in America Patrick Holland History 11 Ms. Musso and Ms. Roche February 12, 2015 The 1920s was known best for its wealth, parties and free spirits giving it the nickname of the  ¨roaring 20s ¨. Contributing to the the lavish lifestyle of the 1920s, women, known as flappers, challenged gender roles and broke social norms with their outfits and behaviors. New inventions, such as radios and model-T cars became the foundation for the thriving economy. The country s culture had been making huge strides and the economy was on an upward climb. Everything about society in the ‘20s seemed to be flourishing. At a rapid rate, more middle and lower class people began investing massive amounts of money. Borrowing money from bankers to finance the get rich quick hobby these classes were engaging in produced dangerous trends. At the peak of the economy in the 1920’s, warning signs began to present themselves of a future economic decline. Many United States citizens ignored the small signs like a subtle rise in stock prices. As the small signs began to become i ncreasingly more evident, big investors sensed danger and took proper precautions. However, the middle and lower class investors were not savvy enough to predict the crash. Finally, on October 29th, 1929, what is now known as  ¨Black Tuesday ¨, the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped almost 23 percent and the market lost between $8 billion and $9 billion in value.Show MoreRelatedThe Closing Musical Number Remains A Clear Example Of The Film1488 Words   |  6 PagesThe closing musical number remains a clear example of the films ability to handle the social issues, contradicting the light-hearted narrative prior to it. This number makes up for its lack of integration by evoking strong sympathy for displaced WWI veterans who now face a more intangible enemy in the form of the Depression. 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B. F. Skinner Essay - 1590 Words

B.F. Skinner B.F. Skinner was one of the most influential theorists in modern psychology. His work was very important and has been studied by many for years. Skinner was a very straightforward man and a very educated man. His theories have helped mankind in many ways. He has studied the behavior patterns of many living organisms. Skinner was a well-published writer. His work has been published in many journals. He also has written many books on behaviorism. His most important work was the study of behaviorism. First began by John B. Watson, behaviorism is one of the most widely studied theories today. B.F. Skinner and His Influence in Psychology B.F. Skinner was one of the most famous of the American psychologists. He was†¦show more content†¦He also read about animals. He collected toads, lizards, and snakes. He trained pigeons to do tricks after he saw them performing one year at a fair. Training the pigeons probably was where he got his ideas of operant conditioning. 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He felt that the college was pushing him around with unnecessary requirements, such as daily chapel and physical education. Skinner’s college life became better as the years went on. He was very comfortable with college life by his senior year. He and a friend once printed up a poster that said that Charles Chaplin wasShow MoreRelatedEssay on B. F. Skinner802 Words   |  4 PagesB. F. Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner, psychologist and behaviorist, was born in Susquhanna, Pennsylvania in 1904 to William Skinner and Grace Burrhus. His father was a lawywer and his mother was a naturally bright woman. Skinner had only one sibling; his brother died at the age of sixteen. Skinner lived most of his life in Susquhanna. He did not leave the house he was born in until he left to go to college. He was raised very close to his grandparents, who had a major impact on his early lifeRead More B. F. Skinner Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pages B. F. 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F. skinner,(March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) is an American psychologist who believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mentalRead MoreIvan Pavlov, John Watson, And B. F. Skinner1272 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional, and environmental influences as playing roles in how we understand the world. With the rise of learning theories, three main theorists stood out, whose works are still in effect today. These theorists were Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B. F. Skinner. The theories created by each of these psychologists are still in effect to this day, and laid the groundwork for modern learning theories. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist born in the 1800’s. He was mainly influenced by the ideas of PisarevRead MoreThe Theory Of Behavioral Learning Theory901 Words   |  4 PagesB. F. Skinner is one of the top psychologist who invented the radical behaviorism and critical psychiatry. B. F. 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After much research and thought, I will argue in favorRead MorePsychology Should Be About Behavior And Not About An Inner Force994 Words   |  4 Pages B.F. Skinner was a psychologist that seemed to go against what many other psychologists thought about personality. He did not believe in personality. In a way, Skinner has a point about personality not existing because we do change our behavior based on the environment we are in. (Olson Hergenhahn, 2011.) Since there is no proof of a personality, I believe that psychology should be about behavior and not about an inner force. I do not believe a person is consistent across time because if theyRead MoreUnderstanding the Psychologist Called Burrhus Frederick Skinner1190 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment 4 Valerie Rountree Walden University Management in Human and Social Development - MGMT 8010 June 28, 2014 Understanding Burrhus Frederic Skinner B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning, the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or unlikely that the behavior will be repeated again, (NNDB, 2014)Read MoreEssay Burrhus Frederic Skinner1132 Words   |  5 PagesBurrhus Frederic Skinner People do on a day to day basis, many actions without realizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. All organisms, including humans, are greatly influenced by the consequences produced by their own behavior. The environment holds the key to most of the changes that occur in the way a person behaves and a human’s own behavior brings consequencesRead MoreBiography of Burrhus Frederic Skinner Essays1329 Words   |  6 PagesBurrhus Frederic Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner was born in a small town called Susquehanna, Pennsylvania on March 20, 1904. His dad was a lawyer and his mom was a house wife. Skinner was the typical boy, he enjoyed playing outside and to build things. He created many inventions as a kid. He and a friend made a cabin in the woods and Skinner created a cart with backwards steering. When working for a shoe store he thought of and invention that helped the broom pick up dust. Skinner also invented

Materials Requirements Planning Free Essays

A material requirement planning is a soft ware based planning and inventory system used in management of manufacturing system. It simultaneously meets three main objectives: plan manufacturing activities, deliver schedules and purchasing activities; it ensures that materials and products are available for production and delivery to customers; it also maintains the lowest levels of inventory. At the same time, it also schedules procedures for production process with several levels of production. We will write a custom essay sample on Materials Requirements Planning or any similar topic only for you Order Now When fed with the information describing the production requirements for finished goods of the system, the structures of the production system and the inventory for each operation, the material requirements planning determines raw materials purchasing and schedules for the   operations (Friedman 1997,pg 16). In business activities, it should be realized that, time is money. Material requirements planning come up with dynamic decision technologies. It acts as a necessary tool for applying to a wider range of managerial decisions successfully whereby time and money are directly related. With increased technology, the normal divisions between manual and intellectual labor are collapsing. This has been due to the fact that many industries are moving towards controlling and mediating work using computerized tools. A greater number of workers are being compelled to conceptualize on a very different level of abstraction than before. Materials requirements planning describes how decision making is done through analyzing three level of workers in a large manufacturing factory. The important issue may not be identification of which should or can learn the system but how learning occurs. The main concern here is to explore how workers ways of thinking and understanding are affected by changes in the nature of work and work place organization. Through application of this new technology in business, the decision making would be very easy because MRP would be doing the critical part of work. What is more important is only to feed the required production information to the material requirements planning. Bill of materials is module that is part of the manufacturing software solutions. It is designed to create and maintain the parts needed in completion of end products. Such includes all sub assemblies, and assemblies and also shipping supplies if required. Bill of materials can be created as products are ordered, designed, build or maintained. In material requirements planning, bill of material describes the part list of components required to complete a saleable end item. BOMs are naturally hierarchical where the top level represents the sub assembly or the end term. Modular Bill of materials defines the component materials, parts, documents and engineering drawings required to complete sub-assembly (Friedman 1997,pg 56). (MPS) Master Production Schedule operates within a single level of the BOM. If the MPS is run on a material, it implies that necessary orders one planned at that certain level.   If any dependant requirements they are placed on the next Bill of materials level down and the process stops.   The master production scheduling is a form of material requirements planning that stresses planning on the parts of products that have great influence on company profits or which dominates the entire process of production through raking critical resources. These items are marked as â€Å"A† parts and are planned with extra attention. The items selected for a separate MPS ran before the MRP ran. The Master Production scheduling ran is conducted without a bill of materials exposed so that the material requirement planning controller can ensure that the master schedule items are planned correctly before the running of the detailed material requirement planning takes place. Once the changes in MPS occurs in any business, loses are bound to be incurred because company relies on this part for entire process of production through critical resources. At the same time, a change in lot size should create a negative impact in the production. Better protection for larger lots can be justified by that, for large lots, the rejecting cost is good where by the cost of accepting bad lots are higher. When the lot size reduces, it then implies that the cost will reduce thus reducing the profits. Case ii. What is the relationship between inventory and MRP? What is the relationship between capacity and MRP? The relationship between inventory and MRP is that, inventory refers to the list of materials and goods or those goods and materials themselves, which are held available by any business. They are held in order to manage and hide the consumer so that the manufacture’s delay is no longer than the delivery delay. They also serve the purpose of easing the effect of imperfections in production process. On the other hand, MRP is a method of effective planning of all resources of any manufacturing organization of company (Friedman 1997, pg 67). The relationship between capacity and MRP is that, capacity is the point of production at which an organization either industry or firm’s average cost or per unit begin to raise due to fixed factors which are land or capital. Its relation with MRP is in that, economically both stress on production where by MRP can be used in improvement of capacity in the firm. Case iii. Why is it important to have MRP reflect what you actually want to build? How can we use information about the material parent/child relationship and pegging in MRP and PAC (Production Activity Control)? Material requirements planning should reflect what is actually indented to be built. This is because it integrates many fields of manufacturing enterprise in to a single entry for planning and control purpose. It builds on closed loop material requirement planning through adoption of feedback principle and extending it to additional areas of the primarily manufacturing related enterprise. Material requirement planning and production activity control are measures used in company’s production which aims at maximization of incomes. The information about the material parent/child relationship can be only be applicable to these measures if at all they are business oriented and aims to improve production. Such a relationship should be large enough for the practices to be carried within the firm otherwise they cannot work in small firms. Case iv. How do set-ups impact capacity planning? How can capacity planning support operational strategies and decision making? Capacity planning is the process that determines the production capacity required by a firm so to sustain the changing demands for its products. When set ups are put in place, they affect the process of capacity planning because at early age, it is very difficult to determine the firms output and its changes in demand. Once a new firm has been set up, it should be given some duration so as to gain establishment to the clients. During this period, capacity planning cannot be applicable to such a firm. Capacity planning can support operational strategies and decision making in an organization through various ways. Because it aims at minimizing the discrepancy, any factors that may lead to failure in the firm are noted (McCarthy 2002, pg 34). Because capacity is increased through introduction of equipment and material, new techniques, increased number of workers and machines, increased number of shifts or acquiring extra production facilities, it is very easy to identify where there is a loophole through use of capacity planning and make the required change in decision making. Case v. In Production Activity Control, why are their multiple ways to prioritize work to be done?   How are they different?   What are their advantages and disadvantages? In production activity control, multiple ways to prioritize work to be done are applied. This is because with increasing concentration on optimizing capacity to planning, drive down costs and controlling shop floor an activity is a must. Production activity control ensures provision of the flexibility to structural standards expectations and quick adjustments to unexpected changes. By display of all work orders currently in the process, and ready to be processed in the work centre, not unless multiple ways are employed to prioritize the work, accuracy cannot be arrived at (McCarthy, pg 89). Production activity control differs form one another through the size of firm being dealt with. For instance the measures employed in a small scale manufacturing enterprise cannot be compared with the ones applied in a large organization. Although they may serve the same purpose their scope is quite different. The advantages of production activity control include that, there is flexibility in re-prioritization on the fly ensured production competition in accordance with customer deadline. There is also quick adjustment to the temporary adverse circumstances which are eliminated. Also there is enjoyed long-term effect of production bottle necks. On the other hand, some of the disadvantages include availability of complete new sales orders of products which demand client within a limited deadline. Case vi. How does variation in performance to anticipated standards of set-up, run and availability of equipment/people impact the schedule, inventory levels, customer service and costs? Once a new set up is established the inventory level definitely goes up so as to meet the requirements for the new customers. In the organization the schedules also has to change so as to manage the large number in the market. The main role of inventory planning is to translate the plan of production in to a detailed component orders. It determined the items to be produced and when such productions should be done. This enables the customers to get what they want at the right time. The inventory program also has a function of recommending order priorities thus making capacity requirements planning easier. It assumes that adequate capacity will be available when needed. Suppliers encounter problems due to schedule instability. As a result suppliers have to react to the unexpected changes in requirements. This problem in turn results to high costs because of increased time. As a result, increasing uncertainties and dynamics in the environment of planning system should react to unexpected developments. The variation in performance to anticipated standards of set up and availability of equipments and people impact the schedule inventory levels, consumer services and costs (McCarthy, pg 132). This happens in that, once new set ups are established definitely the inventory levels should go up so as to meet the demand of new consumers. The schedules should also change in order to be able to handle large number in the market. The customer service should be improved also to have more customers through use of motivations. Work Cited. Friedman L, (1997). The Developmental Psychology of Planning: Why, How, and When Do We Plan? Mahwah. McCarthy B, (2001).Human Performance in Planning and Scheduling. London. How to cite Materials Requirements Planning, Essay examples

Nine Stages of Divine Vision Essay Example For Students

Nine Stages of Divine Vision Essay Nine Stages of Divine VisionNine stages of life are formed by nine crises that shape our awareness and the way we envision and experience the divine in both our cultural and isolated lives. Out vision of the divine is determined by the unique forms and forces in each stage of our lives. The first stage is the unborn stage of the womb. The first part of the first stage is the unborn womb. Since the womb is almost perfect for our prenatal needs, there is an incomparable experience of Kinesthetic euphoria which is the ideal condition for the realization of bliss. The womb provides for the need before it even suffers the need. The bliss is the idea that self-sufficient awareness that precedes desire and satisfaction, and still haunts after birth has broken the primal serenity. The second part of the first stage is the Lakshm and Vishnu within the comic serpent. The unborn bliss is the first taste of paradise, which we all seek to recover. Each succeeding stage builds upon this infinite awareness adding its own images and forms to its evolving biological, social and psychological experience. Buddha and Jesus both include this idea in their teachings. The next stage is the baby stage of the divine mother. The first part of this stage is the Venus of Laussel. There are many images of her floating around that she is over 20,000 years old. She ruled over human awareness. Her predecessors thought it was simple: just as the human mother creates human life, so the Great Mother of the creation creates all life: plants and animals. By her breasts she nourishes her whole creation. She is the universe. The sun and moon are her eyes. The Milky Way are her breasts. And the earth is her body. Maybe she is still with us when we speak of Mother Nature. Mother Goddess is the first personification of the divine in human form. The second part of the second stage is the Madonna of Mercy. This Divine Goddess can resolve our problems and be with us all the time. She can also satisfy our deepest needs and open us to the heavenly gate of eternal and immortal life. The youth stage of the divine father is the next stage. He is the supreme deity of the Rom ans, named Jupiter. When man seizes the divine power for himself and expels the women from the dignity they hold for millennia as the divine mother. He is the god of thunder, lightning, and mountaintops. Next is the return of the prodigal. The vision of the divine father in a parable by Jesus Christ and in a painting by Rembrandt may be the most sublime revelation of god ever portrayed. The fathers forgiving love is expressed most when her forgives his son for betrayal. Tutankhamon and Ankesenamon is another part of a stage. This royal couple ascended to one of the greatest empires in the ancient world. There was a bit of sadness when King Tut died in his 19th year and his widowed wife could not find someone to remarry. To reach the stage of the couple, each individual must achieve a gender identity of male or female. When kids first discover gender, they tend to see the human race as divided by gender. Yet when they fall in love they really fall in love with a dimension of ones own lost self. In the Annunciation, there are classic forms of the young god and goddess about to consummate the sacred marriage. Through the experience of the couple, they project an image of ecstasy between man and woman, which is the archetype for the union between the soul and God. The man and woman as lovers recover the bliss and ecstasy which the unborn lose in separation from the parents. Another stage is the parent of the divine child. The first part of this is the nativity. This represents the first time that the divine really needs the help and care of the worshippers. At Christmas, the Christ child needs the love of Joseph and Mary, the gifts of the wise men, and the worship of the shepherds. God needs us just as much as we need him. Next is the Krishna on a swing. This is for the Hindu religion. One of the enviable qualities of the child is its ability to see divine with the dream eyes of childhood, which are gradually going to fade away due to adulthood. The divine child c ompletes the divine family which comprises the primal trinity of divine worship. After learning the nine different stages and writing about five of them. I have fully grasped and understood what the nine stages are all about. I have never really thought about the things mentioned in your book, until I read them. This section of your book has made me look at religion from a whole different stand point.

12 Angry Man By Reginald Rose Essays - English-language Films

12 Angry Man By Reginald Rose In the 1950's, Reginald Rose penned his masterpiece, 12 Angry Men. This play introduces us to twelve men of various statures. All of these men are part of the jury who will decide the fate of a young man, who has been accused of murdering his father. At first glance of the testimonies of the witnesses in the trial, the reader, or audience, would probably agree with the norm of the jury on the guilt of the young man. If it weren't for one character in this play, juror No. 8, the deliberations of this trial would have been non-existent. At the end of this story, another juror, No. 3, states his nearly impenetrable opinion, nearly causing a hung jury. After reading or watching this play, the audience has some insight into the fact that despite how unfavourable a persons opinion may be, it is the courage to hold ones ground - sometimes with no other support but from him/herself - that must be recognized as a virtue. This story starts off in the courtroom with the jurors making their way to the deliberation room to talk about and vote on the fate of the accused. A vote is cast to see where they stand with one another on their opinions. The men have various reasons for voting the ways they do. Take, for example, who No. 7 says, "This better be fast. I've got tickets to The Seven Year Itch tonight" , or No. 2 who is "a meek, hesitant man who finds it difficult to maintain any opinions of his own. Easily swayed and usually adopts the opinion of the last person to whom he has spoken", and No. 3 whose son won't talk to him anymore because of his father's bitterness against young people. Some of the other men on the jury believe that "you can't believe a word [people from the slums] say", and since the boy is from the slums, they don't believe his testimony. It is only juror No. 8 who came into the jurors room with a non-bias attitude and who left his personal baggage at the door. He believes that "maybe we owe him a few words", but the others believe that they "don't owe him a thing". The evidence against the accused convinces all the jurors of the boys guilt, except for juror No. 8. The evidence that has convinced the rest of the jurors soon gets analyzed by juror No. 8, which causes the others think twice about their verdict. The reason why juror No. 8 went into such detail about all of the evidence is because "[He] had a peculiar feeling about this trial. Somehow [he] felt that the defense never really conducted a thorough cross-examination. [He] mean[s], [the defense lawyer] was appointed by the court to defend the boy. He hardly seemed interested. Too many questions were left unasked." There were three pieces of evidence that the prosecution brought up, which each on its own, could have probably convinced a jury of the boy's guilt: the obscure knife, and the two witnesses: the old man , the neighbour downstairs, and the woman, the neighbour from across the street. All of these key pieces of evidence were looked over in the jurors room. Nobody but juror No. 8 saw the flaws with each. Take, for example, the rare switch-knife - which we find out to be not-so-rare - that the boy had bought from a local corner store. "The storekeeper identified it and said it was the only one of its kind he had in stock." This testimony had convinced eleven of the jurors until juror No. 8 "swiftly flicks open the blade of a switch-knife and jams it into the table next to the first one (knife). They are exactly alike." After this incident, another juror sided with juror No. 8. Next, the old man's and the woman from across the street's testimonies gets put to their tests. Like juror No. 3 said, "[T]he old man heard the kill yell, ?I'm gonna kill you.' A second later he heard the father's body falling, and he saw the boy running out of the house fifteen seconds after that." With the Jury Room's furniture, juror No. 8 reenacted the scene that would had to have taken place if the old man were to be able to see all he said he did. Juror No. 8 proved that the old man wouldn't have been able to move as quickly

The Relationship Between Terrorism And Tourism Tourism Essays

The Relationship Between Terrorism And Tourism Tourism Essays The Relationship Between Terrorism And Tourism Tourism Essay The Relationship Between Terrorism And Tourism Tourism Essay The words touristry and terrorist act exist at either terminal of a continuum of quality of life. The word touristry means populating merrily, enjoyment, and relaxation, while terrorist act means feeling of decease, devastation, frights and terrors every where. Harmonizing to Beirman ( 2003 ) , tourers are primary concerned with going to the finish fulfilling their desires with minimal complications, menaces to their safety and wellbeing , while on the other manus Gilham ( 2001 ) said, physical menace or serious perturbations to one s programs are suffer to cut down the chances of a tourer finish or tourer house . In past decennary terrorist act has really terrible impacts on the travel and touristry industry than any other industry. The chief ground of this may be because the basic aims of the terrorist groups are to distribute fright, as a consequence the basic safety and security of people threatened. Harmonizing to Abraham Maslow ( 1943 ) the Hierarchy of demands, he said tha t human nature neer satisfied when they have met their basic demands for safety and security. When they are able to fulfill their basic demands, so they attempt to fulfill their ego realization demands such as better life, travel and touristry. Harmonizing to Essner 2003 ) , the psychological impacts are plenty to hold terrible impacts on touristry. The fright of terrorist act is irrational, because in terrorist onslaught opportunities of being killed are really small and security environment has demonstrated its negative impacts on touristry in many top finishs around the universe. Three industries are dominated in twenty-first century, telecommunications, Information engineering and touristry. Harmonizing to World Tourism Organization 2008 study, touristry provides employment over 100 1000000s around the universe. Tourism is an of import economic sector for UK economic system and harmonizing to BBC 2010 study ; domestic and abroad visitants put an ?115 one million millions a twelvemonth in UK economic system. The direct part in the UK economic system was ?52 billion in term of GDP which represent 4 % of UK economic system. Tourism besides provides 1.36 million occupations in 2009 to UK work force which is 4.4 % of entire work force. UK is the universe s 6th largest international touristry finish in term on figure of tourers, but after September 11, 2001 and July 7, 2005 incidents this industry was severely affected. Harmonizing to the LCCI ( 2005 ) study, it has been estimated that the autumn in touristry could be UK touristry industry over ?300 1000000s. In this competitory age, the concern environment is altering dramatically. Terrorism is the biggest menace to touristry industry because travel is susceptible to the incidents of terrorist act. When people travel they ever avoid jeopardies, so for tourers safety is the major concern. During the past decennary particularly after September 11 2001, there are figure of events which have had important negative impacts on UK touristry. The correlativity between terrorist act and touristry is undeniable in the epoch due to industry strength and tourer topographic points are the ideal mark for terrorist to make big sum of economic and societal break in the state. In UK terrorist act can be seen in significant portion, as a consequence of this recoil to the touristry industry. There are figure of definitions of terrorist act, in the universe of Alexander et Al ( 1979 ) terrorist act is a menace or usage of enforcement and bad weather to accomplish a political end by agencies of bullying fri ght, and coercion . In the present universe context, the European Union ( 2001 ) specify the terrorist act relevant to international concern in the undermentioned words. Terrorist offenses are certain condemnable offenses set out in a list comprised mostly of serious offenses against individuals and belongings which, given their nature or context, may earnestly damage a state or an international administration where committed with the purpose of: earnestly intimidating a population ; or unduly obliging a Government or international administration to execute or abstain from executing any act ; or earnestly destabilizing or destructing the cardinal political, constitutional, economic or societal constructions of a state or an international administration . Harmonizing to U.S Department of province ( 2002 ) , terrorist select concerns ( e.g. touristry topographic points ) for onslaught comparison to other marks . The most sort of onslaught is bomb blast, although armed onslaughts and snatch are besides some sorts of terrorist onslaughts. Harmonizing to Council of Foreign Relations ( 2002 ) reported the bulk of victims in terrorist onslaught are civilians . The comparatively big figure of tourers may non fix to confront these sorts of terrorist onslaughts. However the scenario has changed as it was at the clip of terrorist onslaught in 9/11. Kunreuther et Al ( 2003 ) cited that during the yearss of terrorist onslaughts in 9/11 a common feeling came into head of people that it could be me. But with the transition of clip this may give manner to may be it will non me following clip. This sort of behavior is more common now a twenty-four hours in south Asia. But it is a common thought that it is highly easy for terrorist that to assail any where in the universe. Even in low cost and low tech onslaughts, terrorists achieve to interrupt the touristry industry. Terrorism has deep history scientific discipline the cold war but this issue become most outstanding after terrorist onslaughts in September 11 2001. This incident affected the UK and international touristry industry in assorted ways. On one manus the universe touristry industry was affected financially, the other manus it suffers due to legal and security issues. The international touristry industry between states was most earnestly affected due to security and safety concerns and legal issue. Especially UK, US and other developed states were irresistible impulse to protect their district and people at any cost. Tourism industry in UK and USA found themselves staggering financially in the months after the terrorist onslaught on universe Trade Centre, while remainder of the universe touristry industry besides lost 1000000s of dollars. Harmonizing to U.S section of province ( 2002 ) more than 3000 people of different nationalities were killed in the terrorist attacks merely in the Uni ted States in September 11, 2001. The onslaughts were the conspicuous illustration of terrorist act on planetary degree. Harmonizing to the overview of European committee ( 2001 ) this was the one of the major event in the yesteryear decennaries which diversifies the point of view and mentality of people around the universe. Terrorism affects both the long term and short term positions of the concerns around the universe. Czinkota ( 2002 ) cited that terrorist act influenced long term karma of full industries, for illustration touristry, retailing and fabrication industries. After the September 11 terrorist onslaughts many international tourer finishs have severely affected lawfully because states have introduced new Torahs for alien tourers e.g. rigorous visas demands, security cheque and condemnable record cheque etc. UK authorities besides introduced rigorous in-migration jurisprudence for every one who wishes to come UK for touristry in the attempt to forestall farther terrorist onslaughts. The new terrorist Torahs restricted the tourers for freely travel across the UK boundary lines and require by security section to maintain proper path of their activities. The anti terrorist Torahs have made really complicated for touristry industry to carry on its concern activities across the international boundary lines as a consequence many states touristry industries have financially struggled. Another major issue that affect the international touristry industry is security and authorities have to put immense sum of money to better both internal and external security. The security is most of import because terrorist mark hot musca volitanss to accomplish their marks. There is non a huge existing literature which shows the relationship between terrorist act and touristry direction theories, and the deficiency of presence of research literature is perfectly seeable on the relationship between terrorist act and touristry direction, which elaborates constructive techniques for touristry industry in the presence of phenomena of terrorist act. Terrorism has capacity to make ambiance of fright and can be intimidate industry in figure of ways. This menace of terrorist act onslaughts poses a uninterrupted ambiance of hazard for the touristry around the universe. This hazard itself creates extension for intervention of hazard in direction theories. The bulk of direction literature theories adopt term uncertainty as a factor of unpredictable environment which may act upon the public presentation of houses in certain ways. The environment effected by terrorist act besides has a factor of capriciousness in it. This survey is another effort to research and in vestigates impacts of terrorist act on the touristry industry in UK and we will besides discourse different attacks for cut downing and managing the terrorist act menaces. Research purpose and aim: Research Purpose: This purpose of this research is to analyze and research the effects of terrorist act on touristry industry in the United Kingdom after September 11 2001. The 2nd portion of my research is to critically analyze and urge the most appropriate schemes for touristry industry to cover with the terrorist menaces or size up the different strategic positions to avoid and understate the impact of terrorist act on industry. Research Aims: This research has the following single aims: Critically analyse the impact of terrorist act on single organisation and the whole market. Measure the managerial public presentation in organisations, before, during and after the occurrence of the terrorist onslaughts and in unsure environment. Research Questions: What is terrorist act and why terrorist mark concern? What are the effects of terrorist act on concern? How to development scheme for directors or follow a better attacks to cover with above mentioned issues? Abbreviation and nomenclature: Uncertainty: specifically intend the unpredictable environment ; it is unpredictable when following terrorist onslaught will happen. Hazard: average menace ; internal and external menace in concern environment which may impact the productiveness of administration.

Private Equity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Private Equity - Essay Example This process normally involves substantial borrowings and is therefore described as Leveraged buyouts (LBO). Another term which is normally used is â€Å"taken private† which relates to a buyout of a public company and in the process removing it from the stock exchange listing, and therefore transforming it into a private firm (Fraser-Sampson, 2007). Public companies are normally taken private because they have the potential of providing substantial cash flows to investors as the shares are currently undervalued on the stock market. The managers see the potential of â€Å"significantly boosting the firm’s value under private ownership† (Brigham and Ehrhardt 2005, p. 664). This means that companies taken private have the potential of enriching not only the managers who take part in the buyout but the public shareholders who are often offered prices higher than the going market price to sell their shares. Sometimes these shareholders resist but in the end they have to sell their shares because the buyers have enough of the company’s shares to sufficiently influence the takeover of the public company. A large number of public companies have been taken private over the years. A list of some of these companies is provided in Appendix 1 and 2. This list is by no means exhaustive but gives an indication as to the level of activities taking place as it relates to these types of transactions. Arguments for and against public to private transactions A number of arguments have been levelled against public to private transactions. However, there have also been several arguments in its favour. According to Becky (2002, Private vs. Public †¦) â€Å"†¦ in the 1980s a lot of public companies were taken private through a process called a leveraged buyout. That trend may have benefited the entire economy by making the companies a good deal more efficient.† Arguments against public to private transactions Opponents to public companies being taken over by private equity have levelled a number of criticisms against these types of transactions. They believe that some of these private equity managers actually buy public companies, reduce employees, strip the companies of assets and then sell them in secondary buy-out deals. Some also indicate that they are allowed to set off interest payments against income and in the process paying less tax. According to Wiley (2007, p.79) â€Å"some countries are pursuing tougher and tighter ‘thin equity’ tax rules under which it can be difficult to make loan interest fully deductible.† Adding value by increasing earnings multiple Some of the opponents of these types of transactions have indicated that there are many ways the managers of public companies could add value to the company instead of allowing them to go private. These include taking out loans instead of issuing more shares which would be favourable to shareholders as they would see their earnings per share increase. These companies would also pay less tax because the interest on these loans is tax deductible. Increasing the cash flow of the Company Cash flow can be improved through proper management of public companies. There is normally unpredictability in the levels of cash flow in public companies that have been taken private and which therefore need to make regular interest payments. Debt added to private company These purchases normally take place with the use of large amounts of debt, referred to as leveraged

Context of Workplace Education and Training Essay 2 (3000words)

Context of Workplace Education and Training 2 (3000words) - Essay Example rced to restructure, augment and reshape their economic and labor strategies as investors turned more and more to underdeveloped countries to bring their capital where labor is less costly. The Australian government was compelled to grapple with these new realities as unemployment rate rose from 1.6% in 1970 and peaked at 10.1% in 1992. The workforce had to be retrained to be more competitive. It was in this context that Australia adopted and implemented the Vocational Training and Education system. VET is a system of education incorporated into school curricula and workplace trainings that aims at preparing the student or the worker with the necessary competency that will hone them into competent members of the workforce able to compete in the global arena. The Australian VET is characterized by its nationally unified system, Competency-Based Training (CBT) and Work-Based Learning (WBL). Globalization, the VET and other related concerns have impacted even on established Australian i ndustries like Travelex. Travelex is one of the world’s biggest foreign exchange companies. It was founded by Lloyd Dorfman of London in1976 which initially made a breakthrough into the airport scene in 1986 in Heathrow Airport, an arena used to be monopolized by clearing banks. In 1989, it set up foreign exchange units in Australian airports under permission from the Ansett Airlines, operator of the Australian airport terminal. Today, the company operates in 93 airports around the world, has presence in about 30 countries in the world and employs about 6000 people. Australia is its third biggest market (History of Travelex). The Travelex business has three divisions. The Global Business Payments division accepts commercial and personal clients’ requests to service payments in almost all parts of the globe in their preferred currencies. The Retail Division, the largest in the world, which has 700 branches all over the world, sells banknotes and foreign exchange in most currencies

Analysis Of Human Resource And Scientific Management Management Essay

Analysis Of Human Resource And Scientific Management Management Essay Scientific management is put forward by Taylor in last century. There is no doubt that the scientific once greatly changed the world. It is highly due to this kind of management that the productivity is able to times increase. Plenty of products and services are produced in relative high efficiency, which dramatically enhance the living standard of people. However, tough it still functions well in some industry such as manufactory, it is not quite proper in current business environment. Staffs now require more respects and dignities and the mere money motivation is not enough to effectively motivate staffs to spare no effort in working. Therefore, a new concept of human relations management which concentrates more on human nature rather than machinery characteristics is high valued currently. In effect, this kind of human relations management is widely used instead of scientific management in most great companies even in some companies belong to manufactory industry. This essay is divided into three parts. In the first part, the theory of scientific management and human relations management are illustrated. In the second part, some real examples such as UPS, McDonald, and Google are used to concrete demonstrate the implement of these two theories in real world. The finally is the analysis of these two theories in current business environment. Main Body One: The theory of scientific management and human relations management. The publication of The Principles of Scientific Management which is written by Frederick Winslow Taylor marks the birth of scientific management. This book introduces the best approach to engage business works via scientific measures in that time of around 1911. (Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management, 2012) It successfully converts management to science. In the perspective of Taylor, the primary object of management is to maximize the profits of both employees and employers. The only approach to realize this object is to enhance labor productivity. (Frederick W. Taylor: Master of Scientific Management. 2012)That is to say, each worker should make their determination to do work as much as possible every day. However, the majority of workers in effect consciously do exactly the opposite. Taylor considers the hidden reasons as the following three. First, a false thought that a full-speed operation will cause plenty of workers unemployed and further cause huge damages to the entire industry is widely spread among workers. Second, there are too many defects on management systems. They directly lead workers take a defense measure of demonization in order to protect their best interests. Third, business is also conducted according to personal experiences, which is definitely in a low efficiency. Therefore, Taylor reckons the scientific management has to take the place of experience principles. Scientific management is set on the base of the accordance of profits of the labor and the capital. He requires each member in the corporation should fully perform the highest efficiency in order to achieve the biggest production and realize the maximum profits. The significant content of scientific management is chiefly divided into two aspects which are operations management and organization management. The operations management includes four parts. First, the first class workers should be selected for operations. In the perspective of Taylor, each individual possesses a distinct talent and capacity. They all potentially become first-class workers as long as suitable positions are available.(Bell, 2012) After careful observation, Taylor finds that the main feature that differs one from the other is willpower rather than intelligence. Second is the practice of work quota. Originally, the workload for a worker is highly decided by the experience of manager. It obviously lacks scientific foundation. Taylor advocates a scientific measure to identify labor work of an individual. That is to select proper and skillful worker and research their labor time and workload in order to set up a reasonable daily workload. This daily workload is so called work quota. Third is the scientific working measure. A reasonable mixture of operational approaches, serviceable tools, labor time, and leisure time should be paid much attention on(Taylor, 1911). Basing on Taylors view, the scientific management means the substitution of scientific knowledge for personal experiences. One of the key measures is to execute standardized management which includes tool standardization, standard operation, standardization of labor movements, and so forth. Only when the standardization is employed, workers are able to use more effective tools and adapt more effective working measures in order to achieve the maximum labor productivity. (Taylor, 1911)Fourth is the implement of incentive salary system. It contains three parts. Above of all, the labor time should be carefully observed and analyzed in order to identify rate of wage. What follows is the differential piece-rate system. That is to say, rate of wage of workers is decided according to the accompli shment of quota. If what a worker real does reaches or even surpasses the quota, a higher rate of wage is offered in order to encourage him. If not, a reduced rate of wage is offered. What is more, sometimes, a yellow card which stands for warning and a punishment of dismissal are employed to motivate workers. At length, an immediate remuneration should be paid. Rewards have to be provided closely after the finish of established work quota. It will dramatically motivate the workers in production and overcame the workers social loafing phenomenon. Another significant aspect of scientific management is organization management. On one hand, the planning functions and executive functions should be separated. Taylor considers that the labor productivity is not only influenced by labor attitude, labor quota, operational measures, and salary systems but also affected by the organization and conduction of administrative staffs. Therefore, Taylor advocates clearly separate planning apart from executives. (Taylor, 1911) A specially department of planning should be established. The chief task of it is to conduct researches in order to obtain evidences of setting the reasonable work quota and operation measures. On the other hand, functional foremanship is essential. System of functional foreman forms according to specific operation processes and a further divided labor. Taylor advocates set eight foremen (Salimath, 2011) instead of original one foreman. Each foreman is expected merely to bear one management function in order to better e ducate and supervise workers to accomplish their work, which is significant to achieve a high production rate. Human relations Management means the conversation management between the enterprise and the employees. This kind of conversation is always flexible, motivate, and not mandatory. The extent of satisfactory and the tendency of supporting the realization of other management objects enhance if human relations management is adapted. The chief duties for managers in human relations management are on one hand to coordinate the relationship between the staffs and the corporation and the relations among staffs; on the other hand to guide to establish a positive and active working environment. The objects of human relations management are chiefly three. First is to coordinate and improve the internal interpersonal relationship in a particular corporation. Whether the general object of the corporation is able to realize or not is highly due to the accordance of personal objects and corporation objects. When an interaction, interwork, mutual support relationship forms, a relative brilliant business psychology atmosphere is created, which definitely will enhance the working efficiency and become the powerful motive power of corporation development. Second, intrinsic value of staffs should be established. The corporation value is acknowledged and shared by the majority of staffs. It is the common belief and the standard to distinguish right from the wrong. The corporation value is gradually formed by a long term education and cultivation. Therefore, the human relationships management continuously cultivates all staffs to hold the common value and perceptions which will further influence the decisions of corporation operation, leadership style, and the entire manner of work for all staffs. Third is an increased powerful cohesion. Each staff will truly reckons himself belong to his company internally. Then staffs will unconsciously pay more attention on the honor, reputations, and interests of the corporation. All in all, the human relations managements concentrate on three aspects: the positive future which is generally identified by its staffs, the constraint system of perfect motivation, and soul contract. Compared with Taylors scientific management, human relations management is more hommization. Main Body Two: The real world examples that relate to scientific management and human relations management. There are two typical real examples in current business environment that Taylors scientific management applies. They are the United Parcel Service and the MacDonald. United Parcel Service hires more than 150 thousand of staffs. And there are about 9 million packages which are expected to transport to all states of the US and 180 (Soupata, 2009) other countries. Therefore, the administering authority of UPS has to systematically educate their staffs in order to achieve their business target of offering the fastest and most convenient delivers in the industry of mail transportation. Basing on the principle of scientific management, a systematic education for staffs will enhance the working efficiency as high as possible. The industrial engineers have carefully observed and analyzed the required time for each driving route. Besides, several standards are set on business activities such as transportation, pause, and delivering. In effect, these industrial engineers records the required time of nearly all possible activities that happens to a staff of UPS when he is in the work. Time for waiting the red light, time for transportation, time for ringing the buzzer, time for crossing the yard, time for going upstairs, time for breaks of drinking the coffee, and even time for the toilet are key data which are input into computers in order to calculate a specific time standard for each driver every day. Drivers have to strictly follow programs set by industrial engineers. If not, the daily task of delivering 130 pieces (Soupata, 2009) of packages will not be able to successfully accomplish. When these drivers drive close to dispatching stations, they loosen the safe belt, sound the horn, close the engine, pull up the emergency brake, and pour the transmission to first gear. These series of actions which are done for preparing leaving after delivering packages are closed related one another. Then the driver will slip to the ground from the driving cab with right arm tucking file folder, left hand grasping packages, and right hand holding the key to car. They take a look at the address written on the package and remember it in mind. A speed of 3 feet per second (Soupata, 2009)is necessary for a driver to fast go to the doors of houses where their clients live. The time of finding for the doorbell is even saved instead by a direct knock on the door. After the delivery, they have to finish the work of entering certain data and information of this deliver on the way back to their cars. Basing on a series of verbs that clearly show how exactly a driver of UPS performs in his work; the labor productivity is to the most degree enhanced. It is closely related to the chief issue of increasing labor productivity for scientific management. What is more, the research conducted by industrial engineers on time and the use of computer in management fully identify the UPS has successfully replace the traditional experiencing management to advanced scientific management. Another typical example of scientific management is McDonald which is the worlds biggest fast food company. It is highly due to the standardization principle of scientific management that McDonald is able to provide a high efficiency and convenient service which is generally view as one of the biggest competition advantages. Actually, McDonald Corporation has conducted a careful motion study to nearly all behaviors such as making hamburgers, frying potato chips, treating costumers, and cleaning tables advanced for the sake of determining the best way to conduct these behaviors. All standards are collected and edited in a handbook which is used to guide behaviors of managers and common staffs of each sub branch. The standards on supply of McDonald chiefly concentrate on four aspects. First, the process of making food is improved. Semi-finished products are heated or fried in high temperature, which reduces the production time of food. Second, the replenishment of drink is improved. Several kinds of beverage outlets are set in order to make sure certain quantity of drink flow to the bottle accurately without the nursing and waiting of working staffs. It definitely increases the speed of servicing for staffs. Third is to make overall managements. Business activities in the surrounding areas are referenced in order to accurately estimate peak crowd and prepare enough staffs advanced. Fourth is enhanced quality of food. Raw materials of McDonald are in the same and strict standard. All kinds of nutrition are scientifically matched. The standard of ordering chiefly concentrates on three aspects. Above of all, special staffs are expected to integrate the order, the collecting of cash and the supplement of food together. All middle steps of information transmitting are eliminated, which both saves the costs and enhances the service efficiency. (Bock, 2009) Besides, the menu is simple. Costumers time is to the biggest degree saved, which unconsciously increase the efficiency of making effective selections for consumers. In addition, several kinds of set meal are provided to enhance the efficiency and expand the sales. Apart from the establishment of all kinds of standards, McDonald always picks up the first class workers. When staffs enter McDonald, a systematically professional training is forced. They are taught to keep a good attitude of servicing. Smiles and a positive and active conversation to consumers are essential. Besides, all kinds of services such as holding a birthday party for children should be provided friendly. What is more essential is the immediate and accurate service, which causes a reduced time on waiting in the queue and getting food. The separation of planning from executives is also stressed by Taylor in his scientific management. On one hand, the planning of McDonald is conducted by corporation headquarters. Headquarters of McDonald is responsible for setting all detailed programs, rules, and regulations for all outlets spreading around the world. On the other hand, managers and common staffs of all sub branches of McDonald should follow the established standardization. It means no innovation is allowed in management and specific tasks. Professional education and training should also be strengthened in order to guarantee the accurate understanding and the thorough implement of rules and regulations. As to human relations management, Google Corporation is a brilliant example. As is known to all, Google is a great Internet company and more and more people are reliable to services provided by Google. Plenty of fresh ideas and services are put forward by Google continuously, which benefit costumer a lot and attract an enhanced quantity of talent people to work for Google. Besides wonderful services, the human relations management is also a significant factor that makes Google world famous. The work tasks in Google are tough and challenging and staffs of Google are almost so called talents. Therefore, they require a better working environment and Google cleverly satisfies them. In Google Corporation, there is no sign of traditional scientific management and even no sign of work. In effect, some people are in delightful and casual conversations, some people are drinking coffee, while some people are even playing table tennis. There seems no one actually on the work which is totally unacceptable according to scientific management. However, the free, innovational, and democratic working atmosphere also creates a high efficiency and a striking productivity. It is so called human relations management. Staffs of Google satisfy with the relaxed external atmosphere. The fully respect of their labor dramatically and effectively motivate them to do their best to accomplish their working objectives. Main Body Three: The analysis of these two theories in current business environment. In my analysis, the Taylors scientific management causes some consideration of optimization of labor for the society. This kind of consideration always continues since then. In current business environment, the human relations management which concentrates more on staffs is more proper. The satisfactory of employees are foundations and preconditions of the satisfactory of customers. The human relations management in human management sets a respect of personal independence and personal dignity (Ratha, 2011) as the precondition of management. The cohesion for staffs to their company is enhanced due to the decentralization of management. The potential capacity, activity, and spirit of innovation are inspired internally deeply in each employee. This truly comfortable mood will unconsciously and continuously encourage staffs to initiate new and excellent performances. Companies that adapts the human relations management in human management are more likely to achieve compared advantages in the aspect of human resource management, which will to a large degree make them achieve a great power in the current bitter market competition. Compared with traditional so called scientific management, human relations management requires more high quality and quick witted staffs. Human relations management focuses on a kind of intelligence operation model rather than an assembly line mode which praised highly by Taylor. Both managers and common staffs are required to get a well knowledge on modern science and master various kinds of techniques in order to be capable to handle with tough problems dependently in the business environment of information. That is to say, staffs under human relations management should have knowledge, master information, adapt to external environment, and be awarded certain power. Both scientific management and human relations management stress on the significant of education and knowledge. However, human relations management concentrates more on an active learning rather than passive learning forced by managers according to scientific management.( Rose,2005) New skills are expected to be effectiv ely learned by staffs actively in order to successfully accomplish certain tough tasks. What is more, intersect education will make staffs under human relations management possess a broad technical ability which is of great use on taking advantages of open information environment. In effect, the core and most precious treasures are skillful staffs themselves for companies which employ human relations management. In addition, human relations management also emphasize on effective motivations. However, compared to scientific management, this kind of motivation is more uneconomic. That is to say, compared with simple money motivation, staffs in human relations management pay more attention on equal treat, mutual respect, awarded power of employing their own wisdom on work, and the self-fulfilling sense of accomplishment. These will bring more satisfaction than merely money brings them. Human relations management indeed has lots of advantages. However, it is not right to one-sided say he human relations management is more proper in current business environment compared to scientific management. In effect, in most companies belong to manufactory industry; the scientific management is widely employed especially in developing or less developed countries where the mechanization is not quite advanced.(Myers, 2011) To some degree, in the perspective of scientific management, staffs are more considered as machines which have a reduced decision-making power. And in the perspective of human relations management, staffs are considered as people who are fully respected. What is more, theoretically, a reduced profit is created by mere human labor compared with innovation and technology advance. Therefore, scientific management will be replaced by human relations management gradually. Conclusion: This essay has carefully introduced the two typical theories which are currently widely employed in todays business environment. They are respectively the scientific management and human relations management. Real examples of UPS and McDonald are employed in order to clearly demonstrate the machinery behaviors for staffs working under this kind of scientific management. No self discovery is available in those companies and each one is able to be replaced. All these are quite easily to arouse negative motions of staffs even though they are forced to hang a smile on their face when services are provided. However, the Google who adapts the human relations management represents the model of future enterprises. Human relations management makes it easy to display the strengths without constraints, which is one of the significant reasons that lead Google gain a wide reputation. As the technology the economic develops, the human relations management will be adapted by more companies and the implement of Taylors management will be reduced.

Child Prostitution Essay

Chapter 1 Introduction Juvenile prostitution is a great problem and not many people are aware of it. In some cases juvenile prostitution start as a voluntary act but in other cases there are girls who are being kidnap just with the purpose of selling them for sex. Some of these children leave home to escape physical or sexual abuse or neglect. Unfortunately, many end up on the streets. Without legitimate means of support and a safe place to stay, they are often  victimized again through pornography, sexual exploitation, and drugs. Juvenile prostitution could be define as the time in which a teenage under the age of 18 engage in sexual activities in exchange of money, property, or for mainly other reason than satisfy one emotional or sexual needs. When we think of juvenile prostitution we usually think that these girls sell their self for pleasure or because they want to but, the reality is that this crime is increasing to a level that our teenagers are becoming like slaves. Child prostitutes can be any age. The children are most often between 11 and 18 years of age but some may be as young as 18 months. These children usually come from broken homes and are lured by seemingly kind older men who promise them food and shelter. These men then become their pimps and exploit the children for their own financial gain. Child prostitutes are poorly paid if they are paid at all, kept in unsanitary conditions, denied healthcare, and are constantly watched and kept subservient. Child prostitutes are commonly threatened and abused both physically and psychologically. Pimps also use drugs as a tactic. The pimp will invite the child to a party and provide them with their first taste of drugs. The child then becomes hooked and will perform prostitution services in exchange for more of the drug. Alternativly, the pimp may find a child who is already a drug user and promise to feed their fix in exchange for ‘work’. They have multiple sex partners on a daily basis and are bought and sold by exploiters. Many contract diseases such as tubercolosis( TB ) , hepatitis-b, gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Children are often forced by social structures and individual agents into situations in which adults take advantage of their vulnerability and sexually exploit and abuse them. Structure and agency commonly combine to force a child into commercial sex: for example, the prostitution of a child frequently follows from prior sexual abuse, often in the child’s home. Child prostitution usually takes place in particular environments, such as brothels, bars and clubs, or homes, or particular streets and areas (usually in socially run down places). According to one study, only about 10% of child prostitutes have a pimp and over 45% got into the business through friends. Sometimes it is not organized, but often it is, either on a small scale through individual pimps or on a larger scale through extensive criminal networks. They often  are malnourished and practice poor hygiene, leaving them vulnerable to disease. These children rarely have the chance to experience the simple joys of being a Teenager learning to bond with friends, attending school and graduating from high school. They are robbed of their childhood and thrust into a life of turmoil and danger. It is found in this study that most trafficked children were children from families with difficult economic situations and had little opportunity for schooling or education. It is very common that a majority of them quit schooling to work for their family’s survival. The child may face long-term physical health problems caused by sexual abuse. This may include internal injury and reproductive problems for females. If a child prostitute does get pregnant she is unlikely to carry to full term and the newborn is likely to have developmental setbacks and a high infant mortality rate. If the child does survive, the young mother is unlikely to be able to care for it properly and the child may fall victim to the same problems as the mother in what is termed the chain effect. Child prostitutes are also known to face profound psychological damage. They feel as if they can trust no one and often feel worthless. Psychological trauma is a huge danger of child prostitution and can result in depression, anti-social behaviour, anxiety, dissociation, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Child prostitutes may enagage in self-mutilation and be prone to suicidal tendencies; many child prostitutes do not make it to adulthood. Chapter 2 Prostitution Prostitution is the practice of engaging in sexual activity in exchange for money, property or services, mainly for reasons other than satisfying one’s own sexual or emotional needs. The term juvenile prostitution is used when prostitutes are minors, under 18 years old. Although the age of majority varies from one country to another, juvenile prostitution is considered illegal in Philippines, as elsewhere in the world. Coleman (1989) defines a prostitute as: a) an individual who repeatedly engages in sexual activity with others who would not otherwise stand in any special relationship; b) expects remuneration in the form of currency or the necessities of life in return for such activities. Prostitution inevitably involves two main groups: prostitututes, the majority of whom are womwn and  their clients, who are almost exclusively men. Often, a third type of protagonist is also involved: the pimp or procurer or any other person who profits from prostitution. In keeping with the general image, pimps can be unscrupulous individuals who profit from and live on the avails of prostitution of women they have seduced into becoming prostitutes. This type of procurer is called a coercive pimp. Pimp can also be drug dealers, the owner of dance bars or escort services or even the spouses of prostitutes. Since the individuals facilitate and even encourage prostitution, they are reffered to as support pimps. Each of them profit from the sexual activities of women in their own particular way. (Coleman, 1989; Caplan, 1984). The Myths The social phenomenon of female juvenile prostitution is a serious problem that is difficult to understand and troublesome to acknowledge. The fact that young girls are finding their way into the complex system of prostitution is often met with disbelief. Many myths and stereotypes exist about prostitution. Without an understanding of these, one cannot fully appreciate the exploitation factors that exist for the juvenile. (Wang, 1984) Myth 1: Prostitution is a natural expression of sexuality and necessity for in a dequate sexual relationships This view supports a sexual myth that men have uncontrollable sexual urges that must be fulfilled. Herein lies a justification for prostitution. The juvenile prostitute is dehumanized by the implication that prostitutes serve a useful purpose as an object for sexual gratification. The reality, as described by our sample of former juvenile prostitutes, is that juvenile prostitutes are often appalled at and damaged by the acts demanded of them. Their participation is often a threat to their physical well-being. The act of prostitution is structured by the desires and fantasies of the customer, which are incongruent with the desires and sensitivities expressed by the young women in this sample. Myth 2: Prostitution is a victimless crime. Prostitution creates a setting whereby crimes against men, women, and children become a commercial enterprise. When a customer uses a juvenile prostitute for his or her own sexual gratification, he or she is committing  the crime of child sexual abuse. It is an assault when he or she forces a prostitute to engage in sadomasochistic sex scenes. When a pimp compels a prostitute to submit to sexual demands as a condition of employment, it is exploitation, sexual harassment, or rape acts that are based on the prostitute’s compliance rather than her consent. The fact that a pimp or customer gives money to a prostitute for submitting to these acts does not alter the fact that child sexual abuse, rape, and/or battery occurs; it merely redefines these crimes as prostitution. Myth 3: Juveniles freely choose prostitution. The following self-reported data on the impact of child exploitation shows that victims of violence can lose their sense of psychological and physical wellbeing. Case histories suggest that a number of juveniles engaged in prostitution grew up in abusive and/or neglectful homes. A fragile self-esteem and limited resources lead some young girls to believe that they had no other choice but to enter the world of prostitution. Myth 4: Prostitution can be an exciting and glamorous life. Cultural mythology about prostitution is built on misinformation and fantasies of sexuality that are promulgated through movies, television, videotapes, and printed material including pornography. These may entice naive young women into prostitution with false promises of glamour and riches. In reality juvenile prostitutes suffer pain, humiliation, and degradation at the hands of their pimps and customers. They are susceptible to sexually transmitted diseases and unwanted pregnancies. Myth 5: The system of prostitution offers wealth to the participant. The economics of prostitution are complex. If a juvenile is controlled by a pimp or madam most, if not all, of his or her earnings are turned over to the pimp or madam. If working independently for a house of prostitution a large percentage of his or her earnings are turned back to the house. Their lives are strictly controlled, and their ability to set up independent funds is carefully guarded. Part of the strategy for cont rol ove r their activities is for pimps and madams to keep them economically dependent upon the system of prostitution itself. Any profit is often spent as rapidly  as it is obtained, reinforcing the efforts that go into prostitution. A rapid turnover of â€Å"feel good or look good† money into immediately expendable, positively reinforcing products perpetuates the need for continued participation in prostitution. Chapter 3 The Role of Sexual Abuse Prostitution is frequently alluded to as one of the possible long term effects of the sexual abuse of children (Bagley and King, 1990; Coleman, 1989; McMullen, 1987). While the statistical evidence is contradictory, the incidence of physical and sexual abuse is staggeringly high not only among American prostitutes. Li et al. (1990) review several authors who assert that prostitutes have more often experienced incest and forced intercourse than non-prostitutes. Such claims warrant a detailed investigation into the effects of sexual abuse on the child and its correlation with subsequent prostitution. Consensus on a global definition of sexual abuse remains illusive, but the trend is to regard it as inappropriate sexual involvement between a minor (under 18) and a sexually maturer person (at least 5 years older). Such behaviour is intended to lead to sexual arousal and may range from fondling to intercourse. No single factor determines the psychological impact that sexual abuse has on the child. Rather, the intensity of the child’s traumatisation and the character of the psychological symptoms are influenced by several factors (Bagley and King, 1990; Dubowitz, Black, Harrington and Verschoore, 1993): †¢ The child’s stage of socio-sexual development, temperament and understanding of the social sanctions against such behaviour. Effects will thus depend on the meaning attached to it by the individual child. †¢ The nature of the abusive acts. Penetration, for example, will be more harmful than fondling or mere exhibitionism. †¢ The use of coercion and violence. Non-consensual abuse appears to have a particularly harmful impact on the victim. †¢ The perpetrator’s relationship with child. Abuse by a trusted caretaker leads to more intense emotional conflict for the victim. †¢ The perpetrator’s proximity to the victim. Victims who cannot escape  unwanted situations suffer more deleterious effects. †¢ The absence of familial support. The severely dysfunctional family not only increases the child’s vulnerability to abuse, but causes excessive guilt through unsympathetic reactions and rejection of the victim. †¢ Intrusive negative effects of unwanted abuse is indubitably amplified when the abuse is accompanied by poor nurturance (as is the case with many institutionalised abuse cases) and an unstable home life. Negative effects are also aggravated in cases of incest where the child has assumed an pseudoadult role within the family, since this effectively enmeshes the victim into the family system, prevents the development of normal peer relations and makes termination of the abuse so much more intricate. Children’s reactions to the abuse are diverse and idiosyncratic. Consequently, the evidence regarding the psychologi cal effects of sexual abuse is contradictory. There is little doubt, however, that such premature exposure to sex gives rise to precocious sexuality, arrested psycho-sexual development and a distorted perception of love and affection (Li et al., 1990). Diminished inhibition, disrespect for personal boundaries, inappropriate sexual behaviours and excessive masturbation are also noted (Bagley and King, 1990). Putman, Helmers and Trickett (1993) report increased levels of dissociation among abused and traumatised children, accompanied by heightened aggressive and self destructive behaviour. Short term effects of child sexual abuse include fear, anxiety, guilt, hostility and shame (Bagley and King, 1990; Herrmann, 1989). Negative coping mechanism such as passive submission, repression, identification with the aggressor or anger suppression appear to aggravate behavioural symptoms such as learnt helplessness, depression, sleep and somatic complaints, hyperactivity and sexual acting out. Long term effects include suicidal ideation, hy sterical seizures, confused social relationships, increased violence, promiscuity, truancy and delinquency. Adult survivors of sexual abuse report sexual dysfunction, phobias, neuroticism, anorexia and substance abuse (Bagley and King, 1990). Also reported are post traumatic stress disorder symptoms such as affect disorders and depersonalisation (Dubowitz et al., 1993). Li et al. (1990) point out that many sexually abused individuals do not present with such diffuse reactions and suggest that victims who do react negatively were inherently disturbed before the on set of the abuse. This implies that  pathological reactions are correlationally and not causally connected to sexual abuse. It is, indeed, difficult to separate the noxious effects of the sexual abuse from those of the environment or family scenario. In effect, sexual abuse may simply provides a core around which all other harmful experiences may be organised. Following this argument, it is inappropriate to single out sexual molestation as the root of subsequent deviations. Despite these objections, the many and varied psychological symptoms correlated to sexual abuse point to a strong link between such abuse and subsequent prostitution. Where unwanted sexual contact becomes a focus for the victim, it may lead to runaway behaviour, which is the mediating variable associated with prostitution (Caplan, 1984; Coleman, 1989; McMullen, 1987). The disposition towards prostitution among sexually abused runaways is facilitated by their heightened awareness of sexuality and its usefulness as a means of meeting nonsexual needs. While there is a positive correlation between early sexual experiences and subsequent entry into a life of prostitution, this alone is obviously not sufficient. Other correlations need to be considered to assess their impact on the aetiology of prostitution among juveniles. One such factor which has emerged as a direct precipitating factor is that of running away. Chapter 4 Runaway Behaviour A primary method of procuring a juvenile for prostitution is through the use of feigned friendship and love. Often the prospective pimp will identify and fulfill an unmet need of the target youth. A combination of seduction and intimidation appears to be the most common approach used by pimps to recruit young women into prostitution. In these situations pimps typically frequent areas where juveniles are apt to congregate such as shopping malls, videogame arcades, and bus stations. The initial phase of procurement is essentially an information-gathering mission in which he attempts to identify the youth’s vulnerabilities. The pimp can be friendly or flirtatious, depending on which approach gains the best response. During this initial conversation he encourages her to tell him information about herself that he will subsequently use to seduce her. Is she a runaway? Why? Is she window shopping looking at clothing that she cannot afford? Is she a truant tired of the restrictions of school and her parent’s rules? Does she perceive herself as gawky, unattractive, unpopular? The pimp then uses the information that she naively provides him to tailor his recruitment strategy or â€Å"rap† to meet what he perceives her needs to be. If she is a runaway he will offer her food and shelter and vaguely hint at the possibility of a job. Are her parent s too strict ? He will commi serate with her, tell her she’s too smart, too mature, to have all of those restrictions. Is she lonely? Does she consider herself undesirable? Then he will fawn over her. Pimps then use a combination of flattery and charm, the promise of money, protection, companionship, and intimacy to â€Å"con† a young woman into prostitution. This chapter includes excerpts from four interviews with women who became prostitutes as teenagers and six interviews with men who became pimps. Chapter 5 Substance Abuse A study of 200 street prostitutes documented a high prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse in their family of origin, during the drift into prostitution and as part of prostitution. Additionally, the study documented a high prevalence of substance abuse among the child molesters and rapists of the subjects. The existence of a relationship between substance abuse and prostitution in and of itself does not imply causality. It is not clear whether substance abuse is one of the factors that pushed these women into prostitution (as noted earlier, 55% of the subjects reported being addicted prior to their prostitution involvement) or whether it was prostitution that caused their drug involvement (30% became addicted following and 15% concurrently with their prostitution involvement). Most likely, both prostitution and substance abuse are the behavioral translations of these women’s endless cycles of victimization and severely disturbed backgrounds, as well as an expression of the self -destructive pull, the sense of hopelessness, helplessness, negative self-concept and psychological paralysis reported by almost every subject in the study. (J Psychoactive Drugs. 1982). A strong correlation between some form of substance abuse and prostitution is observed on the streets in different countries.  It has not yet been determined whether the onset of substance abuse precedes prostitution or follows soon after: it can be proposed that the development of drug addiction would undoubtedly create the need for a convenient means, such as prostitution, to pay for the habit; equally true is the premise that drug euphoria is needed by the prostitute to alleviate the degradation and humiliation felt in the act of prostitution. Without a firm knowledge of the chronological sequence, it is not possible to ascertain whether the substance abuse is a cause or an effect of prostitution. Ben-Arie (1985) defines drug abuse as â€Å"the consumption, without medical supervision, of medically useful drugs which alter mood and behaviour †¦ for a purpose other than that for which it is prescribed† or â€Å"the consumption of any mind changing substances which ha ve no legitimate medical or socially acceptable use†. Street prostitutes ostensibly become involved only in those drugs that are freely available on the streets such as dagga (marijuana; tetro-hydrocannabanol), Methaqualone (mandrax imitations or â€Å"buttons†), Welconal (Dipipanone Hydrochloride) and Cocaine, although other substances such as LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide), cough mixture and barbiturates are also abused. Understanding the processes behind the initiation and continuation of drug abuse among children and adolescents is no simple task. Psychological factors contributing to drug dependence include the presence of psychiatric illnesses, retarded emotional development, repressed anger and inability to deal with stress. Further social factors such as negative peer pressure, inconsistent familial relations and social alienation may add to the youth’s disposition towards drug abuse (Coombs and Coombs, 1988; Davies an Coggans, 1991). Glynn and Haenlein (1988) highlight that the development of substance abuse in youths often indicates the presence of poor intra-familial relations, delinquency and delayed emotional development. The majority of dependants initiated usage as an emotionally unstable child who found the euphoria psychologically attractive, and continued the dependency as a means of escape from the unfavourable emotions linked to reality (Du Plessis, unpublished). While typical abuse situations such as sexual molestation, neglect, physical abuse, foster placements or delinquent absconding may lead to substance abuse, more incipient forms of abuse have a similar effect. High socio economic families in which parents do not take responsibility for their child, where there is a lack of  communication, poor discipline and temporal values may increase the child’s 10 receptiveness to drug addiction. Substance abuse is, therefore, a further symptom, along with other behavioural deficits such as delinquency or truancy, of the problems which have disturbed the child’s normal social development from an early age (Sneider, 1986). It is from the combined impact of the child’s negative experiences from which prostitution and substance abuse evolves (Coombs and Coombs, 1988). Chapter 6 Social Support Systems In the discussion so far, the impact of child abuse (particularly sexual molestation), running away and substance abuse have been considered. In each, the importance of the chaotic family environment has been highlighted as important in the aetiology of the deviant behaviour among youth. Children do not become involved in sexual compromise unless under extreme duress or dire physical need. Li et al. (1990) argue that only those children who have been subject to multiple forms of abuse and severely dysfunctional familial structures are more prone to prostitution. McMullen (1987) states that â€Å"of one thing we can be certain – a child who is loved and cared for will have a good self image and is unlikely to enter into a life of prostitution† (p 39). The importance of the family life on the child’s development highlights the intervention of welfare systems as a possible indicator of individuals at higher risk for juvenile prostitution activities. Where the family unit has become irreparably dysfunctional, or stressors on the child have become unbearable, welfare and care organisations are in place to offer assistance and support. Despite this, there are those who do not adequately benefit from the resources available. Admission into care organizations is disruptive on school, friends and family, is stigmatizing and does not always protect the child from further abuse. Corrective action against family instability and sexual abuse, particularly when only partial or not sufficiently followed through, appears to increase the chances of revictimisation (Bagley and King, 1990). The removed child is placed in care where she may again be abused, abscond and then become involved in the network of drugs and prostitution. In fact the experiences gained in these institutions may be invaluable to the youth  in equipping her with the specific skills to survive on the street. The possible link between the failure of welfare agencies and subsequent involvement in teenage prostitution may important in ascertaining which factors lead to the development of such activities and helping to determine which children are at particular risk. SUMMARY In the consideration of the factors precipitating juvenile prostitution, it is important to consider the impact of the individual’s personal life history, relationship with parents and involvement in welfare institutions. From this it may be possible to establish which factors lead to absconding, drug addiction and ultimately prostitution. Child prostitution is a unique form of child abuse that is often hidden from the public eye. It is not just limited to developing countries, child prostitution it is a global issue. These children rarely choose to engage in prostitution services but instead are tricked or lured into the business. Once in the business, the children face traumatic psychological and physical abuse that no person, much less a child, should ever experience. Those children that are lucky enough to escape remain traumatized for the rest of their lives. However, not all child prostitutes are able to escape the business. Many do not survive to adulthood or remain sex workers forever. Chapter 7 Aims This study aims to identify those factors that precipitate child prostitution through an assessment of the demographic and psychographic nature of the juvenile prostitutes. Chapter 8 Methods A non-experimental, or ex post facto, research design will be used to assess the variables leading to juvenile prostitution. Ex post facto designs are used when â€Å"it is not possible to manipulate variables or to assign subjects or conditions at random† (Kerlinger, 1979). The primary characteristic of  non-experimental research is that the independent variables come to the researcher after their effects have been exercised, giving no opportunity for manipulation. Control of extraneous variables is limited. The conclusions are not empirically as strong as with experimental designs since control of variables is limited. For this reason as many variables as possible should be explored so as to limit the number of extraneous variables that may be effecting the dependant variable. Using the ex post facto method, the independent variables will be investigated in youth that are involved in prostitution so as to assess the effects of these in the development of prostitution activities. The research design is open to objection on the grounds that retrospective recollections are subject to distortion, suppression and faulty attributions of cause and effect. In addition, it is questionable whether one can trust the historical accounts of social deviants such as drug addicts and prostitutes. While this may be so, this appears to be a relatively effective means of ascertaining the possible reasons why the youth became exposed and involved in sexual exploitation on the streets. Conclusion Prostitution, sexual exploitation and sex slavery of children and adolescents is an increasing social problem in some developing countries. Child prostitution is linked to poverty, economic development and may be escalated by international tourism. Child prostitution is destructive to life and an affront to human dignity. Professional Psychologists are encouraged to direst their expertise into tackling these issues at the levels of prevention as well as cure, as it appears that child prostitution will continue to increase throughout the Asian Region hand to hand with increased tourism and economic development. Action research needs to lead to social change, the change of attitudes toward women and female children and increased education of family values and the value and dignity of life. Community awareness and viable alternatives for employment must also be considered. Psychologists also need to look at the psychology of the paedophile, the abuser and the exploiter, also the family members who are willing to sell their children to provide a better house, a TV or other  material goods. It is hoped that in the process of development in other Third World and Asian nations that this gross violation of the dignity of the rights of Children can be avoided. Bibliography †¢ Bagley, C., and King, K. (1990). Child Sexual Abuse. London: Tavistock-Routledge. †¢ Coleman, E. (1989). The Development of Male Prostitution Activity Among Gay and Bisexual Adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, Vol 17 (1-2), p. 131-49. †¢ Caplan, G.M. (1984). The Facts of Life About Teenage Prostitution. Crime and Delinquency, Vol 30, p. 69-74. †¢ Bagley, C., and King, K. (1990). Child Sexual Abuse. London: Tavistock-Routledge. †¢ McMullen R.J. (1987, March). Youth Prostitution: A Balance of Power. Journal of Adolescence. Vol 10, p. 35-43. †¢ Dubowitz, H., Black, M., Harrington, D., and Verschoore, A. (1993). A Follow Up Study of Behaviour Problems Associated with Child Sexual Abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol 17 (6). †¢ Li, C.K., West, D.J., & Woodehouse, T.P. (1990). Children’s Sexual Encounters with Adults. London: Duckworth. †¢ Herrmann, K.J. (1987, November). Children Sexually Exploited for a Profit: a Plea for a New Social W ork Priority. Social Work, Vol 32. †¢ Psychoactive Drugs. 1982. †¢ Putman, F.W., Helmers, K., & Trickett, P.K. (1993). Development, Reliability and Validity of a Child Dissociation Scale. Child Abuse and Neglect, Vol 17 (6).